Upper facial lines (UFLs), including glabellar frown lines (GFLs), horizontal forehead lines (HFLs), and lateral canthal lines (LCLs) are prevalent aesthetic concerns addressed with botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A). IncobotulinumtoxinA, a highly purified BoNT-A formulation, is utilized for simultaneous UFLs treatment; yet, comprehensive synthesized evidence is limited.
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Hyaluronidase is often described as “dissolving” dermal filler, but this term oversimplifies how the enzyme actually interacts with long-standing filler within living tissue. This article explains why hyaluronidase more accurately modifies a complex filler–tissue system rather than completely eliminating filler, and why clearer terminology improves patient understanding, clinical decision-making, and ethical practice in aesthetic medicine.
Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) is a biostimulatory injectable that restores midfacial volume through collagen neogenesis rather than gel-based filling. Controlled clinical evidence directly quantifying PLLA's volumetric efficacy remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and patient-reported outcomes of a Norberg Medical PLLA formulation for midface rejuvenation in a prospective, evaluator-blinded, split-face controlled study.
Conventional botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) products include non-therapeutic accessory proteins vary in composition and manufacturing processes, which may contribute to differences in purity and biochemical characteristics. YY001 (Retoxin®) is a novel recombinant BoNT/A manufactured via E. coli expression to reduce impurities, improve purity, and minimize immunogenic risk.
Collagenase clostridium histolyticum-aaes (CCH-aaes) is FDA-approved for cellulite treatment but was withdrawn because of high bruising incidence. Histological effects of CCH-aaes in humans remain poorly characterized. The aim of the study was to evaluate histopathologic changes in human subcutaneous tissue following CCH-aaes injection and compare injection techniques to identify strategies that reduce bruising.
Energy-based devices are widely used for facial rejuvenation; as a result, an increasing proportion of patients presenting for facelift or necklift surgery have a history of prior treatment with ultrasound- or radiofrequency-based technologies. While the efficacy and safety of these devices are well established, their cumulative effects on facial soft tissues critical to deep-layer facelift surgery remain under-recognized.
Minimally invasive filler injections are prevalent in aesthetic medicine. However, in recent years, the occurrence of complications has gradually increased.
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) is widely used clinically; yet, its temporary effects require repeated injections that increase cost and inconvenience. There is limited rigorous evidence to support claims that repeated BoNT-A use alters efficacy. Unlike peripheral nerve transection, which causes irreversible denervation after 12 to 24 months, the long-term physiological effects of BoNT-A chemodenervation remain unclear.
Ptosis, the drooping of the upper eyelid caused by levator palpebrae superioris dysfunction, can impair vision and quality of life.
Botulinum neurotoxins (eg, onabotulinumtoxinA) are used off-label to treat masseter muscle prominence (MMP), a benign enlargement of the masseter muscles that may be aesthetically undesirable.